HEMA (Historical European Martial Arts) refers to the study, practice, and reconstruction of martial arts systems and techniques from historical European sources. HEMA encompasses a wide range of weapons and combat styles, including swordsmanship, grappling, dagger fighting, and other martial arts disciplines from various periods in European history.

When referring to a "HEMA sword," it typically means a sword specifically designed and used for practicing historical European martial arts. HEMA swords aim to replicate historical sword types and are made with an emphasis on historical accuracy and functionality.

HEMA swords come in various styles, depending on the specific historical period or martial art being studied. Some common types of HEMA swords include:

1. Longsword (also known as "hand-and-a-half sword" or "bastard sword"): This is one of the most widely practiced weapons in HEMA. It typically has a double-edged blade, a long grip that can be used with one or two hands, and a distinctive crossguard.
2. Rapier: The rapier is a slender, single-handed sword known for its complex hilt and often used in the Renaissance period. Rapiers used in HEMA practice usually have a flexible blade and a protective hilt with a knuckle guard.
3. Saber: HEMA practitioners may also train with sabers, which were commonly used in military contexts. Sabers have a curved blade and are known for their cutting and slashing techniques.
4. Messer: The messer is a type of single-edged sword used in the German-speaking regions. It can have a variety of blade shapes, including straight or slightly curved designs.

HEMA swords are typically designed to be functional and durable, capable of withstanding the rigors of training and sparring. They often incorporate historical construction techniques, materials, and handling characteristics to provide an authentic experience while ensuring safety during practice and sparring sessions.

The study and practice of HEMA allow enthusiasts to explore and revive the martial arts traditions of Europe's past, providing insight into historical combat techniques and the cultural context surrounding these arts.