Springs can be made from various materials, each chosen based on the specific requirements of the application. Some commonly used materials for springs include:

1. High-Carbon Steel: High-carbon steel, such as 1070 or 1095, is a popular choice for springs due to its excellent strength, durability, and ability to withstand heavy loads and repeated stress. It is known for its good spring properties and is used in a wide range of applications.
2. Stainless Steel: Stainless steel is valued for its corrosion resistance and is often used for springs that require resistance to rust and staining. Different grades of stainless steel, such as 302, 316, or 17-7 PH, offer varying levels of corrosion resistance, strength, and other properties.
3. Alloy Steel: Alloy steel springs, made from materials such as chrome-vanadium or chrome-silicon, offer enhanced strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance compared to high-carbon steel. These alloys can be tailored to specific requirements, making them suitable for demanding applications.
4. Phosphor Bronze: Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper with a small amount of phosphorus, which enhances its spring properties. It has good corrosion resistance and is often used in applications where electrical conductivity is also required, such as in electronic components.
5. Beryllium Copper: Beryllium copper springs are known for their high strength, electrical conductivity, and resistance to fatigue. They are often used in applications where a combination of strength and electrical performance is necessary, such as in electrical connectors and switches.
6. Titanium: Titanium springs are lightweight and offer excellent corrosion resistance. They are commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and marine applications where weight reduction and durability are crucial.
7. Composite Materials: Composite materials, such as fiberglass-reinforced plastics or carbon fiber composites, are sometimes used for specialized applications requiring high strength, lightweight, and resistance to corrosion or temperature extremes.

The choice of material depends on factors such as the required strength, flexibility, corrosion resistance, temperature resistance, electrical conductivity, and other specific performance

requirements for the spring. It is essential to select the appropriate material based on the desired properties and the conditions in which the spring will be used.