Real Damascus steel, also known as Wootz steel, refers to a historical type of steel that was produced in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent, particularly during the medieval period. It was highly regarded for its exceptional strength, sharpness, and distinctive patterns.

The exact methods and composition used to produce traditional Damascus steel have been lost to history, but it is believed to involve a complex process of forging and heat treatment. Wootz steel was produced by smelting iron ore with specific additives and impurities, such as charcoal, wood, or plants, in a crucible or furnace. This process resulted in a steel with unique characteristics, including a high carbon content and the presence of carbides and other microstructures that contributed to its desirable properties.

One of the notable features of Damascus steel is the distinctive patterns visible on the surface of the blades. These patterns are often referred to as Damascus patterning or Damascus designs. They can take the form of intricate swirls, bands, or wavy lines, resulting from the layering and folding of the steel during the forging process.

Modern attempts to replicate traditional Damascus steel have been made using various techniques, including pattern-welding or layering different steels, but these processes are not identical to the original Wootz steel production methods. While modern Damascus steel may exhibit similar patterns and some desirable properties, it does not have the exact composition or microstructure of the historical Wootz steel.

In summary, real Damascus steel refers to the historical steel known as Wootz steel, produced in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent during the medieval period. It was highly regarded for its strength, sharpness, and distinctive patterns. However, the exact methods used to produce Wootz steel have been lost, and modern attempts to replicate it are not identical to the original steel.