A modern sword can be made from a variety of materials, depending on its intended purpose and the preferences of the wielder. Here are some common materials used in modern sword construction:

1. Stainless Steel: Stainless steel is a popular choice for modern swords due to its durability and resistance to corrosion. It is often used in the production of functional and decorative swords. Different types of stainless steel, such as 440C or 154CM, offer varying degrees of hardness and toughness.
2. Carbon Steel: Carbon steel swords are known for their strength and ability to hold a sharp edge. High-carbon steels like 1095 or 5160 are commonly used in the construction of functional swords. However, carbon steel swords require proper maintenance to prevent rust and corrosion.
3. Tool Steel: Tool steels, such as D2 or A2, are frequently used in the production of modern swords. They provide a good balance of strength, toughness, and wear resistance. Tool steel swords are often favored by enthusiasts and professionals.
4. Damascus Steel: Damascus steel, also known as pattern-welded steel, is a traditional technique that involves layering and folding different types of steel together. Modern variations of Damascus steel are used to create visually stunning and unique patterns on the blade.
5. Titanium: Titanium swords are lightweight and highly corrosion-resistant. They are commonly used for decorative purposes or in specialized applications where weight reduction is crucial, such as martial arts demonstrations or theatrical performances.
6. Ceramics: Advanced ceramics like silicon carbide or boron carbide can be used to create incredibly sharp and hard blades. Ceramic swords are primarily used in specialized fields, including military and law enforcement applications.

It's important to note that the choice of material depends on factors such as the sword's purpose, desired characteristics (such as flexibility or hardness), budget, and personal preference. Different sword makers and cultures may have their own preferred materials and techniques, resulting in a wide range of options for modern sword construction.