The length of a sword can vary depending on its specific type, purpose, and cultural context. Different swords are designed for different uses, such as cutting, thrusting, or a combination of both. Here are some general categories of swords and their typical lengths, although variations exist within each category:

1. Short Swords: Short swords, also known as shortswords or gladius, are typically around 18 to 24 inches (45 to 60 cm) in length. Examples include the Roman gladius and the Greek xiphos. These swords were often used for close-quarters combat and were effective in thrusting and slashing motions.
2. One-Handed Swords: One-handed swords, such as the medieval arming sword or the Viking sword, typically range from 28 to 36 inches (70 to 90 cm) in length. These swords allowed for more reach and versatility in combat and were often used with a shield or a secondary weapon.
3. Longswords: Longswords, also called hand-and-a-half swords or bastard swords, are typically between 40 and 48 inches (100 to 120 cm) in length. These swords were designed to be wielded with one or two hands, providing a balance between reach, control, and power.
4. Two-Handed Swords: Two-handed swords, like the European greatsword or the Japanese nodachi, can vary significantly in length, typically ranging from 50 to 60 inches (125 to 150 cm) or even longer. These large swords were used with two hands and were primarily employed for heavy slashing and chopping attacks.

It's important to note that these are general guidelines, and specific swords within each category may have variations in length based on historical period, regional preferences, and the specific purpose for which they were designed.